Beyond Inspiration: Rinaldi, Eames, Bertoia, and the Italian Translation of Industrial Design

Jacopo Drago

2014

At a time when design was forced to reckon with the criteria of industrial production, the fact of being a partner in his father's company placed Gastone Rinaldi in direct contact with the reality of the factory and with the work of the laborers: a privileged condition that not all designers were able to benefit from.

It is precisely from this close relationship that Rima products were born: the outcomes of a synthesis between different skills, aspirations, and objectives—specifically, the creative ones of the designer and the practical ones of the worker. A continuous dialogue between design and technique was thus established. The designer confronted feasibility along with productive and economic possibilities, while the workers approached the formal and functional reasons behind the project, contributing with more suitable solutions. This exchange gave rise to a collaboration capable of generating a balance between the technical and aesthetic dimensions.

Attention to production constraints did not limit the project, but instead became a source of inspiration, leading to the definition of new objects, as in the case of the Du 43 (1953) and Du 42 (1954) chairs.

These two models interpret some famous foreign seats, such as the Wire Chair by Charles and Ray Eames and the Diamond Chair by Harry Bertoia. They fit into a design lineage that establishes formal parallels with international production but stands out for a careful and conscious reworking. Some chairs by De Carlo, Viganò, and De Carli produced during those same years also belong to this same trend.

Rinaldi was undoubtedly influenced by Eames and Bertoia, whose chairs were revolutionary from both an aesthetic and material point of view: resistant yet light and transparent metal structures, obtained through wires modeled on a shell to achieve an almost sculptural quality. The use of metal wire was not entirely new — consider the Lounge Chair by Sol Bloom (1950) or the Butterfly Chair (1938) — but the developments introduced by Eames and Bertoia led to completely innovative design outcomes.

The metal wire, cheap, light, and resistant, lent itself to efficient industrial production, allowing these chairs to spread rapidly in the United States and abroad, thanks also to their low cost. It is therefore not surprising that they aroused such enthusiasm: English architects Alison and Peter Smithson defined them as "a message of hope from another planet".

The influence, however, was part of an autonomous and conscious design process. The Du 43 and Du 42 were not simple derivations, but original results that reinterpreted international suggestions in light of the Italian productive and cultural context. Rinaldi assimilated the research of Eames and Bertoia and translated it into his own solutions, developed starting from different technical and industrial conditions. The results were chairs deeply rooted in Italian reality, both in terms of language and construction process.

As Rinaldi recounted in a 2002 interview:
“I was influenced by Eames and the great designers, even though we did not have all the technical possibilities in Italy that America had at that time; Bertoia's chair was made with a metal mesh of wire rods welded one by one with a spot welder, equipment we did not have yet. I used a fence mesh for a chair instead. Just as I did with the Du 30, I had to bend the sheet metal because we didn't have shells yet, so the sheet metal was conceived precisely as a sheet that folds, and underneath it creates a rib that stiffens the seat, and then to give greater solidity, the four legs are fixed on the centerline of the fold.”

The differences between the American chairs and those of Rinaldi reflect wider economic and industrial divergences between the United States and Italy. In the 1950s, Italian industry — concentrated mainly in the North — was still in a phase of recovery, marked by the consequences of the war, while the American industry enjoyed a significant advantage.

The history of Rima itself exemplifies this situation. The plants, located in the industrial area of Via Paolo Sarpi in Padua, suffered severe damage during the bombings of December 16, 1943, when the US Air Force hit the railway station and surrounding areas. Production was subsequently transferred to new peripheral facilities, but even there, activity was interrupted by military occupation, which forced a reconversion of production.

Only towards the end of the 1950s did the company manage to fully recover, expanding and modernizing its factories and definitively abandoning the artisanal approach. In this context, the S 46 chair (1959) was born, made with the spot resistance welding techniques already widespread in the United States. Unlike its predecessors, constructed with woven wire mesh, this new seat utilized metal wires welded at the points of intersection, marking a significant technological advancement.

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